Fig 1: NOX4-induced mitochondrial metabolic impairment induces oxidative stress by inhibition of cellular antioxidant process in human astrocytes.(A-C) Quantification of (A) reduced GSH levels, (B) ratio of GSH2/GSSG, and (C) GSSG levels in control (Control) and NOX4 overexpressing (NOX4) human astrocytes (n = 10 per group). Data are mean ± SD. *, p < 0.01 by Student's two-tailed t-test. (D) Representative immunoblot analysis for nuclear and cytosolic NRF2 in control (Control) and NOX4 overexpressing (NOX4) human astrocytes. For immunoblots, Histone H3 (nuclear) and ß-actin (cytosolic) was used as a loading control. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Data are mean ± SD. **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05 using the two-tailed Student's t-test. (E–F) Quantification of (E) HO-1 protein levels, (F) HO-1 activity, (G) GCLC protein levels and (F) GCL activity in control (Control) and NOX4 overexpressing (NOX4) human astrocytes (n = 10 per group). Data are mean ± SD. *, p < 0.01 by Student's two-tailed t-test.
Fig 2: The effect of pretreatment time on Nrf2 signaling pathway activated by fucoxanthin in differentiated RPE cells. (a) Nucl-Nrf2 activity; (b) GCLC expression level; (c) GPx expression level; (d) TrxR expression level; (e) HO-1 expression level; (f) NQO1 expression level. (** p < 0.01 vs. control; ▲▲ p < 0.01 vs. lutein).
Fig 3: TXNIP increases mtROS production and decreases cellular antioxidant process in human astrocytes. (A) Quantification of mtROS levels using MitoSOX staining in control (Control) and TXNIP overexpressing (TXNIP) human astrocytes. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05 using two-tailed Student’s t-test. (B–D) Quantification of (B) reduced GSH levels, (C) ratio of GSH2/GSSG, and (D) GSSG levels in control (Control) and TXNIP overexpressing (TXNIP) human astrocytes. Data are presented as mean ± SD. **, p < 0.01 by Student’s two-tailed t-test. (E) Representative immunoblot analysis for nuclear NRF2 in control (Control) and TXNIP overexpressing (TXNIP) human astrocytes. For immunoblots, histone H3 was used as a loading control. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05 using two-tailed Student’s t-test. (F–I) Quantification of (F) HO-1 protein levels, (G) HO-1 activity, (H) GCLC protein levels, and (I) GCL activity in control (Control) and TXNIP overexpressing (TXNIP) human astrocytes (n = 3 replicates per group). Data are presented as mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05 by Student’s two-tailed t-test. Data are representative of three independent experiments.
Supplier Page from Abcam for Human GCLC ELISA Kit